Total RNA was extracted from mammalian tissue samples using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). RNA integrity was assessed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Poly(A) RNA was enriched using the NEBNext Poly(A) mRNA Magnetic Isolation Module. Libraries were prepared using the NEBNext Ultra II RNA Library Prep Kit. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform with paired-end reads of 150 bp. Data analysis included quality control with FastQC, read alignment with STAR, and differential expression analysis with DESeq2.